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Procarbazine carcinogenicity in methotrexate-treated or lipotrope-deficient male rats
Mallory Institute of Pathology, Boston City Hospital
1Department of Pathology, Boston University Medical Center Boston, MA. USA
2Mallory Institute of Pathology, Boston City Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Boston University Medical Center Boston, MA. USA
Procarbazine hydrochloride (PCZ), a chemotherapeutic agent used extensively to treat Hodgkins disease and other tumors,induces leukemia, lymphoma, mammary gland and other solid tumors in rodents and non-human primates and is strongly implicated as a leukemogen in humans. Lipotrope (choline and methionine) deficiency is a powerful potentiator of chemical carcinogenesis in liver and, under some conditions, in other tissues in rodents. Methotrexate (MTX), another commonly used chemotherapeutic agent, interferes with one-carbon metabolism and limits availability of lipotropes. Studies of PCZ carcinogenesis in lipotropedeficient or MTX-treated male rats are reported, showing that both deficiency and MTX increased PCZ carcinogenicity in the mammary gland. In addition, PCZ was found to induce abnormalities of hepatic choline metabolism. Weanling male Sprague—Dawley rats were fed control (C) or lipotrope deficient (D) diet. After 3 weeks, C and D rats were given PCZ, MTX, the two drugs together or 0.9% saline by i.p. injection. Doses were 0.2 or 0.5 mg MTX/kg or 25 mg PCZ/kg, given 2 or 3 days per week for 5 or 14 weeks. After 5 weeks of drug treatment livers were assayed for choline, phosphatidylcholine, phosphocholine (PCho), glycerophosphocholine and betaine. PCZ perturbed choline metabolism, increasing hepatic choline and PCho In deficient or MTX-treated rats and, to a smaller extent, in rats fed control diet. MTXmarkedly enhanced the effect of PCZ on choline metabolism. PCZ-induced mammary tumor incidence was increased 50–70% by lipotrope deficiency or by MTX. In PCZ-treated rats, cwnulatlve probability of bearing a mammary tumor was significantly increased by lipotrope deficiency (P=0.05), and was increased similarly but not significantly by MTX (P=0.1). Cumulative tumor numbers per group in PCZ-treated rats were significantly greater in both deficient and MTX-treated rats compared to rats fed control diet (P < 0.005). ltncidences of leukemia, lymphoma and Zymbal's gland tumors induced by PCZ were not significantly altered by diet or MTX.
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