Carcinogenesis, Vol 18, 1931-1935, Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press
K Augustsson, K Skog, M Jagerstad and G Steineck
Heterocyclic amines are possible human carcinogens and fried meat is an
important source of exposure in the Western diet. To study the effect of
heterocyclic amines in humans, accurate assessment of individual food
consumption is essential. Parameters influencing the intake include the
amount and type of meat ingested, frequency of consumption, cooking method,
cooking temperature and the duration of cooking. The aim of the present
study was to develop a practical method for assessing individual intakes of
specific heterocyclic amines in a large sample of people. This has been
done by combining information on food consumption and laboratory findings
of heterocyclic amines in food products. Diet was assessed using a
semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire including photos of fried
meat and, in all, 22 dishes were cooked and chemically analyzed. The method
was employed in an elderly population in Stockholm to estimate the daily
mean intake of the five heterocyclic amines
2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ),
2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ), 2-amino-3,8-
dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-
trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-
phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). The total daily intake ranged from
none to 1816 ng, with a mean intake of 160 ng, which is well below
estimates reported previously. Highest amounts ingested were of PhIP (mean
72, range 0-865 ng/day) and MeIQx (mean 72, range 0-1388 ng/day), followed
by DiMeIQx (mean 16, range 0-171 ng/day), while MeIQ and IQ were ingested
only in very small amounts (mean <1 ng/day).
ARTICLES
Assessment of the human exposure to heterocyclic amines
Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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