Carcinogenesis, Vol. 20, No. 9, 1761-1767,
September 1999
© 1999 Oxford University Press
Carcinogenesis |
Induction of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase and glutaredoxin activity in mouse skin by TPA, a calcium ionophore and other tumor promoters
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical Nobel Institute for Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
We have measured the levels of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase and glutaredoxin enzyme activity in mouse skin following topical application of the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a protein kinase C (PKC) activator and tumor promoter. The specific activity of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in extracts from normal epidermis increased by 40 and 50%, respectively, after single or multiple application of TPA. Multiple applications (twice per week for 2 weeks) of TPA increased glutaredoxin activity by >300%. Induction of the proteins lasted several days. Other PKC activators, like 12-O-retinoylphorbol 13-acetate, mezerein, 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol and the calcium ionophore A23187, also induced all the enzyme activities. Phorbol and 4-O-methyl-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, weak activators of PKC, selectively induced the thioredoxin system only and did not influence glutaredoxin activity. Multiple applications of TPA to tumor initiated (7,12-dimethyl[a]benzanthracene-treated) skin resulted in elevated levels of both the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems when examined 6 days after the last phorbol ester treatment. Induction of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase and glutaredoxin activities by TPA and calcium ionophores may play a general role in the epigenetic mechanism of tumor promotion via thiol redox control mechanisms.
Abbreviations: ADF, adult human T cell leukemia-derived factor; DMBA, 7,12-dimethyl[a]benzanthracene; DTNB, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid); FA, fluocinolone acetonide; GSH, reduced glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; OAG, 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol; 4-O-MeTPA, 4-O-methyl-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; PKC, protein kinase C; RA, retinoic acid; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RPA, 12-O-retinoylphorbol-13-acetate; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; TPCK, tosylphenylalanine chloromethylketone; TRE, TPA-responsive element.
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed Email: arne.holmgren{at}mbb.ki.se
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