Carcinogenesis, Vol. 21, No. 7, 1335-1340,
July 2000
© 2000 Oxford University Press
Molecular Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention |
Comparison between smoking-related DNA adduct analysis in induced sputum and peripheral blood lymphocytes
Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
We investigated the applicability of induced sputum (IS), a non-invasive derivative from the lower respiratory tract, for smoking-related DNA adduct analysis and its comparability with peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Lipophilic DNA adducts were quantified by the 32P-post-labeling assay in IS and PBL of smokers (n = 9) with stable smoking status at three time points (one week intervals) and non-smokers (n = 9) at one time point. The success rate for sputum induction was 100% at all time points. There was no significant difference in total cell count, cell viability, squamous cell count and DNA yield between smokers and non-smokers. Within the smokers, there was no significant difference in IS cytology at the three time points: overall (mean of three measurements) total cell count, 9.0 ± 2.4x106; cell viability, 77 ± 4%; squamous cell count, 28 ± 5%; non-squamous cell count, 72 ± 4% (bronchoalveolar macrophages, 75 ± 6%; neutrophils, 17 ± 3%; bronchoepithelial cells, 7 ± 2%; lymphocytes, 0.7 ± 0.2%; metachromatic cells, 0.3 ± 0.2%). IS DNA yield did not differ significantly at the three time points [overall (mean of three extractions) DNA yield, 66 ± 20 µg]. A typical smoking-associated diagonal radioactive zone was observed in the adduct maps of IS and PBL of all and five smokers, respectively, and of none of the non-smokers. Lipophilic DNA adduct levels in both IS and PBL of smokers were higher than those of non-smokers (3.7 ± 0.9 versus 0.7 ± 0.2/108 nt, P = 0.0005, and 2.1 ± 0.3 versus 0.6 ± 0.1/108 nt, P = 0.0001, respectively). In smokers the level of adducts in IS was non-significantly higher than that in PBL (3.7 ± 0.9 versus 2.1 ± 0.3/108 nt, P = 0.1), whilst in non-smokers the difference was not appreciable (0.7 ± 0.2 versus 0.6 ± 0.1/108 nt). Within the smokers there was no significant change in the level of adducts at the three time points either in IS or in PBL (coefficients of variation 34 and 29%, respectively). Adduct levels in IS at each time point were higher than those in PBL, leading to a significantly higher overall (mean of three quantifications) level of adducts in IS than PBL (3.3 ± 0.2 versus 2.1 ± 0.1/108 nt, P = 0.02). The overall levels of adducts in both IS and PBL were dose-dependently related to smoking indices. We conclude that IS is a preferable matrix as compared with PBL for molecular dosimetry of (current) exposure to inhalatory carcinogens as its analysis reveals both the existence and the magnitude of exposure more explicitly.
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