Carcinogenesis Advance Access originally published online on March 28, 2003
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Carcinogenesis, Vol. 24, No. 5, 919-925,
May 2003
© 2003 Oxford University Press
MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CANCER PREVENTION |
Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, on UVR-related cancer risk in humans. An assessment of early genotoxic markers
1 Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
2 Department of Dermatology/Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital and University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
3 Department of Medicinal Photochemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
4 TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, The Netherlands
5 University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
6 To whom correspondence should be addressed Email: lesley.e.rhodes{at}man.ac.uk
Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (
-3 PUFAs) protect against photocarcinogenesis in animals, but prospective human studies are scarce. The mechanism(s) underlying the photoprotection are uncertain, although -3 PUFAs may influence oxidative stress. We examined the effect of supplementation on a range of indicators of ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced DNA damage in humans, and assessed effect on basal and post-UVR oxidative status. In a double-blind randomized study, 42 healthy subjects took 4 g daily of purified -3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or monounsaturated, oleic acid (OA), for 3 months. EPA was bioavailable; the skin content at 3 months showing an 8-fold rise from baseline, P < 0.01. No consistent pattern of alteration in basal and UVR-exposed skin content of the antioxidants glutathione, vitamins E and C or lipid peroxidation, was seen on supplementation. Sunburn sensitivity was reduced on EPA, the UVR-induced erythemal threshold rising from a mean of 36 (SD 10) mJ/cm2 at baseline to 49 (16) mJ/cm2 after supplementation, P < 0.01. Moreover, UVR-induced skin p53 expression, assessed immunohistochemically at 24 h post-UVR exposure, fell from a mean of 16 (SD 5) positive cells/100 epidermal cells at baseline to 8 (4) after EPA supplementation, P < 0.01. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) sampled on 3 successive days both pre- and post-supplementation, showed no change with respect to basal DNA single-strand breaks or oxidative base modification (8-oxo-dG). However, when susceptibility of PBL to ex vivo UVR was examined using the comet assay, this revealed a reduction in tail moment from 84.4 (SD 3.4) at baseline to 69.4 (3.1) after EPA, P = 0.03. No significant changes were seen in any of the above parameters following OA supplementation. Reduction in this range of early markers, i.e. sunburn, UVR-induced p53 in skin and strand breaks in PBL, indicate protection by dietary EPA against acute UVR-induced genotoxicity; longer-term supplementation might reduce skin cancer in humans.
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