Carcinogenesis Advance Access originally published online on February 17, 2005
Carcinogenesis 2005 26(6):1044-1054; doi:10.1093/carcin/bgi049
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Carcinogenesis vol.26 no.6 © Oxford University Press 2005; all rights reserved.
22-Oxa-1
,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits metastasis and angiogenesis in lung cancer
1 Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan, 2 Institute of Molecular and Cellular Bioscience, University of Tokyo, Japan and 3 Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Japan
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan. Tel: +81 78 441 7563; Fax: +81 78 441 7565; Email: t-okano{at}kobepharma-u.ac.jp
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,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3) has potent antiproliferative and anti-invasive properties in vitro in cancer cells. However, its calcemic effect in vivo limits its therapeutic applications. Here, we report the efficacy of 22-oxa-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (22-oxa-1,25-D3), a low calcemic analog of vitamin D, against the development of metastatic lung carcinoma after an intravenous injection of green fluorescent protein-transfected Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC-GFP) cells in C57BL/6 mice. The mice injected with tumor cells were implanted simultaneously with osmotic minipumps containing either 1,25-D3, 22-oxa-1,25-D3 or vehicle. The 1,25-D3 treatment group had been hypercalcemic, but the 22-oxa-1,25-D3 and vehicle treatment groups remained normocalcemic for the duration of the experiment. The total number of lung metastases, lung weight and the expression of GFP mRNA in the lung were markedly decreased in 1,25-D3 and 22-oxa-1,25-D3-treated mice. In the in vitro experiment, 1,25-D3 and 22-oxa-1,25-D3 reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, vascular endothelial growth factor and parathyroid hormone-related protein in LLC-GFP cells. Furthermore, in the angiogenesis assay, the number of tumor cells or basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis was reduced in 1,25-D3 and 22-oxa-1,25-D3-treated mice. Moreover, using a new experimental model of vitamin D receptor (VDR) null mutant (VDR–/–) mice with corrected hypocalcemia and hypervitaminosis D, we examine the anti-cancer effect of 22-oxa-1,25-D3 without other functions induced by 22-oxa-1,25-D3 in the host. In the VDR–/– mice, 22-oxa-1,25-D3 directly inhibited the metastatic activity of LLC-GFP cells in a dose-dependent manner without exerting a direct influence on the calcemic activity or other actions regulated by 22-oxa-1,25-D3 in the host. These results indicate that the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis-inducing activity in cancer cells seemed to be a major mechanism responsible for the anti-cancer effects of 22-oxa-1,25-D3. Our findings show that 22-oxa-1,25-D3 is beneficial for the prevention of metastasis in lung carcinoma.
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