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Carcinogenesis Advance Access originally published online on October 21, 2004
Carcinogenesis 2005 26(7):1170-1181; doi:10.1093/carcin/bgh317
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Carcinogenesis vol.26 no.7 © Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved.

REVIEW

Prostate carcinogenesis and inflammation: emerging insights

Received July 29, 2004; revised and accepted October 12, 2004

Ganesh S. Palapattu 1, Siobhan Sutcliffe 2, Patrick J. Bastian 1, Elizabeth A. Platz 1, 2, Angelo M. De Marzo 1, 3, 4, William B. Isaacs 1, 3 and William G. Nelson 1, 3, 4, *

1 Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 2 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and 3 Department of Oncology and 4 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Oncology, Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Building, Room 151, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA. Tel: +1 410 614 1661; Fax: +1 410 502 9817; Email: bnelson{at}jhmi.edu

Prostate cancer remains a significant health concern for men throughout the world. Recently, there has developed an expanding multidisciplinary body of literature suggesting a link between chronic inflammation and prostate cancer. In support of this hypothesis, population studies have found an increased relative risk of prostate cancer in men with a prior history of certain sexually transmitted infections or prostatitis. Furthermore, genetic epidemiological data have implicated germline variants of several genes associated with the immunological aspects of inflammation in modulating prostate cancer risk. The molecular pathogenesis of prostate cancer has been characterized by somatic alterations of genes involved in defenses against inflammatory damage and in tissue recovery. A novel putative prostate cancer precursor lesion, proliferative inflammatory atrophy, which shares some molecular traits with prostate intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer, has been characterized. Here, we review the evidence associating chronic inflammation and prostate cancer and consider a number of animal models of prostate inflammation that should allow the elucidation of the mechanisms by which prostatic inflammation could lead to the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. These emerging insights into chronic inflammation in the etiology of prostate carcinogenesis hold the promise of spawning new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for men with prostate cancer.


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