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Carcinogenesis Advance Access originally published online on November 15, 2005
Carcinogenesis 2006 27(3):374-381; doi:10.1093/carcin/bgi266
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Carcinogenesis vol.27 no.3 © Oxford University Press 2005; all rights reserved.

REVIEW

Experimental models of human bladder carcinogenesis

R.A. Crallan, N.T. Georgopoulos and J. Southgate *

Jack Birch Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5YW, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +44 0 190 432 8705; Fax: +44 0 190 432 8704; Email: js35{at}york.ac.uk

Bladder cancer is the fifth most common cancer in the UK, yet human bladder carcinogenesis remains poorly understood and the response of bladder tumours to radio- and chemo-therapy is unpredictable. The aims of this article are to review human bladder carcinogenesis and appraise the different in vitro and in vivo approaches that have been developed to study the process. The review considers how in vitro models based on normal human urothelial (NHU) cells can be applied to human bladder cancer research. We conclude that recent advances in NHU cell culture offer novel approaches for defining urothelial tissue-specific responses to genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens and elucidating the role of specific genes involved in the mechanisms of bladder carcinogenesis and malignant progression.


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