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Carcinogenesis Advance Access originally published online on July 24, 2006
Carcinogenesis 2007 28(1):199-206; doi:10.1093/carcin/bgl112
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Caffeine and caffeine sodium benzoate have a sunscreen effect, enhance UVB-induced apoptosis, and inhibit UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice

Yao-Ping Lu2, You-Rong Lou2, Jian-Guo Xie2, Qing-Yun Peng2, Sherry Zhou2, Yong Lin3,4, Weichung Joe Shih3,4 and Allan H. Conney1,2,4,*

1 William M. and Myrle W. Garbe Professor of Cancer and Leukemia Research NJ 08854, USA
2 Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
3 University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
4 The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick NJ 08901, USA

*To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA. Tel: +1 732 445 4940; Fax: +1 732 445 0687; Email: aconney{at}rci.rutgers.edu

Topical application of caffeine sodium benzoate (caffeine-SB) immediately after UVB irradiation of SKH-1 mice enhanced UVB-induced apoptosis by a 2- to 3-fold greater extent than occurred after the topical application of an equimolar amount of caffeine. Although topical application of caffeine-SB or caffeine enhanced UVB-induced apoptosis, both substances were inactive on non-UVB-treated normal skin. Topical application of caffeine-SB or caffeine (each has UVB absorption properties) 0.5 h before irradiation with a high dose of UVB decreased UVB-induced thymine dimer formation and sunburn lesions (sunscreen effect). Caffeine-SB was more active than an equimolar amount of caffeine in exerting a sunscreen effect. In additional studies, caffeine-SB strongly inhibited the formation of tumors in UVB-pretreated ‘high-risk mice’ and in tumor-bearing mice, and the growth of UVB-induced tumors was also inhibited. Caffeine-SB and caffeine are the first examples of compounds that have both a sunscreen effect and enhance UVB-induced apoptosis. Our studies suggest that caffeine-SB and caffeine may be good agents for inhibiting the formation of sunlight-induced skin cancer.


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Y.-P. Lu, Y.-R. Lou, Q.-Y. Peng, J.-G. Xie, P. Nghiem, and A. H. Conney
Effect of Caffeine on the ATR/Chk1 Pathway in the Epidermis of UVB-Irradiated Mice
Cancer Res., April 1, 2008; 68(7): 2523 - 2529.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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