Plasma levels of carotenoids, retinol and tocopherol and the risk of gastric cancer in Japan: a nested case-control study

doi:10.1093/carcin/bgn072

Carcinogenesis Advance Access originally published online on March 13, 2008
Carcinogenesis 2008 29(5):1042-1048; doi:10.1093/carcin/bgn072

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Plasma levels of carotenoids, retinol and tocopherol and the risk of gastric cancer in Japan: a nested case–control study

Christina Persson¹^,2, Shizuka Sasazuki¹, Manami Inoue¹^,*, Norie Kurahashi¹, Motoki Iwasaki¹, Tsutomu Miura¹, Weimin Ye², Shoichiro Tsugane¹ and for the JPHC Study Group

¹ Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan
² Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81 3 3542 2511 ext. 3389; Fax: +81 3 3547 8578; Email: mnminoue{at}gan2.res.ncc.go.jp

Fruits and vegetables have been suggested to confer protectionagainst diseases such as cancer through the effects of antioxidants,often represented by carotenoids. We investigated the impactof carotenoids, retinol and tocopherol on gastric cancer developmentin a large nested case–control study among Japanese withknown Helicobacter pylori infection status. A total of 36 745subjects aged 40–69 in the Japan Public Health Center-basedProspective Study who responded to the baseline questionnaireand provided blood samples in 1990–1995 were followeduntil 2004. Plasma levels of carotenoids in 511 gastric cancercases and 511 matched controls were measured by high-performanceliquid chromatography. Odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditionallogistic regression models. Plasma level of β-carotenewas inversely associated with the risk of gastric cancer (comparedwith the lowest quartile: OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.31–0.75;OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.31–0.75 and OR = 0.46, 95% CI =0.28–0.75, for quartile 2, 3 and 4, respectively, P_trend< 0.01). Inverse associations were evident in men for ${alpha}$ -carotene(P_trend = 0.04) and β-carotene (P_trend < 0.01), butnot in women, who had relatively higher plasma levels comparedwith men. We found no statistically significant associationbetween plasma levels of lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, retinol, ${alpha}$ - or ${gamma}$ -tocopherol and gastric cancer risk. Our findings suggestthat those who have very low plasma levels of ${alpha}$ -carotene andβ-carotene are at a higher risk of gastric cancer.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; JPHC study, Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study; OR, odds ratio

Received December 3, 2007; revised February 26, 2008; accepted March 5, 2008.

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