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Carcinogenesis Advance Access originally published online on April 29, 2009
Carcinogenesis 2009 30(7):1170-1180; doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp103
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Review and meta-analysis on vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and cancer risk

Sara Raimondi*, Harriet Johansson1, Patrick Maisonneuve and Sara Gandini

Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
1 Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +39 02 57489 377; Fax: +39 02 57489 922; Email: sara.raimondi{at}ieo.it

It was suggested that vitamin D levels influence cancer development. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a crucial mediator for the cellular effects of vitamin D. Results from previous studies on the association of VDR polymorphisms with different cancer types are somewhat contradictory, and the role of VDR in the etiology of cancer is still equivocal. We therefore performed a meta-analysis on the association between the two most studied VDR polymorphisms (FokI and BsmI) and any cancer site. Up to January 2009, we identified 67 independent studies. We used random-effects models to provide summary odds ratio (SOR) for VDR polymorphisms and cancer. We tested homogeneity of effects across studies and publication bias and explored between-study heterogeneity. When comparing FokI ff with FF carriers, we found a significant increase in skin cancer [SOR; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.30; 1.04–1.61] and breast cancer (SOR; 95%CI: 1.14; 1.03–1.27) risk. For the same genotype comparison, we found a significantly higher risk of cancer when we pooled estimates from cancer sites possibly associated with vitamin D levels (prostate, breast, skin, ovary, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and colorectal). A significant reduction in prostate cancer risk was observed for carriers of BsmI Bb compared with bb genotype (SOR; 95%CI: 0.83; 0.69–0.99). In Caucasian populations, both Bb and BB carriers had a significant reduced risk of cancer at any site. In conclusion, this meta-analysis showed that VDR FokI and BsmI polymorphisms might modulate the risk of cancer of breast, skin and prostate and possibly affect cancer risk at any site in Caucasians.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; H–W, Hardy–Weinberg; OR, odds ratio; SOR, summary odds ratio; VDR, vitamin D receptor

Received February 2, 2009; revised April 1, 2009; accepted April 21, 2009.


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