Carcinogenesis Advance Access originally published online on July 23, 2009
Carcinogenesis 2009 30(9):1507-1516; doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp155
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Identification of XAF1 as a novel cell cycle regulator through modulating G2/M checkpoint and interaction with checkpoint kinase 1 in gastrointestinal cancer
1 Department of Digestive Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
2 Department of Medicine
3 Department of Chemistry
4 Department of Pediatrics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China. Tel: +852 28554049; Fax: +852 29049443; Email: bcywong{at}hku.hk
Correspondence may also be addressed to Jide Wang. Tel: +86 20 61641538; Fax: +86 20 87280770; Email: jidewang{at}gmail.com
Background and aims: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis-associated factor 1 (XAF1) was first recognized as an antagonist of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis in suppressing caspase 3 activity. It has lower expression in cancer cells than normal tissue. Overexpression of XAF1 can inhibit cancer cell growth and sensitize tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand- or etoposide-induced apoptosis. The aim of this study is to elucidate the mechanism of XAF1 in regulating cell growth. Methods: Stable transfectants of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer cell lines AGS and SW1116 expressing XAF1 and vector control were generated. Cell growth, apoptosis, mitotic status and cell cycle distribution were assessed. The interaction between XAF1 and G2/M checkpoint proteins was evaluated by immunoblotting, kinase assay and co-immunoprecipitation assay. Mitotic catastrophe was identified by occurrence of aberrant nuclei and centrosomal amplification. Results: Our results showed that overexpression of XAF1 suppressed serum-dependent cancer cell growth, induced mitotic catastrophe and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, XAF1 was predominantly expressed in G2/M phase after cell cycle synchronization. XAF1 interacted with and activated checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), inactivated Cdc25C and lead to inactivation of Cdc2–cyclin B complex. Suppression of Chk1 abrogated XAF1-induced G2/M arrest. Conclusions: Our findings implicate XAF1 as a novel cell cycle modulator that is recruited in G2/M phase and thus unravel a novel function pathway of XAF1, suggesting the potential role of XAF1 as the target for the management of GI cancers.
Abbreviations: Chk1, checkpoint kinase 1; FBS, fetal bovine serum; FCM, flowcytometry; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; GI, gastrointestinal; IAP, inhibitor of apoptosis; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; siRNA, small interfering RNA; XAF1, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis-associated factor 1; XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis
Received January 8, 2009; revised May 22, 2009; accepted June 16, 2009.