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Carcinogenesis Advance Access published online on December 12, 2005
Carcinogenesis, doi:10.1093/carcin/bgi285
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received October 3, 2005
Revised October 28, 2005
Accepted November 20, 2005

CARCINOGENESIS

ADH3 genotype, alcohol intake, and breast cancer risk

Mary Beth Terry 1 *, Marilie D. Gammon 2, Fang Fang Zhang 3, Julia A. Knight 4, Qiao Wang 5, Julie A. Britton 6, Susan L. Teitelbaum 6, Alfred I. Neugut 7, and Regina M. Santella 8

1 Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
2 Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
3 Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
4 Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X5
5 Department of Environmental Medicine, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
6 Department of Community Medicine, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
7 Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
8 Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X5

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Mary Beth Terry, E-mail: mt146{at}columbia.edu


  Abstract

Moderate alcohol consumption of approximately 1-2 drinks per day has been associated with a 30-50% increase in breast cancer risk. Individuals differ in their ability to metabolize alcohol through genetic differences in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), the enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of approximately 80% of ethanol to acetaldehyde, a known carcinogen. Individuals differ in their ADH genotype, and one locus in particular (ADH3) is polymorphic in Caucasian populations. Using data from the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project (LIBCSP), we examined whether fast metabolizers of alcohol, as measured by the ADH31-1 genotype, have a higher risk of breast cancer from alcohol intake compared to those individuals who are slow metabolizers, but consume similar amounts of alcohol. We combined genotyping information with questionnaire data on 1047 breast cancer cases and 1101 controls and used unconditional logistic regression methods to estimate multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between alcohol intake and breast cancer risk. Among individuals homozygous for the fast metabolizing allele (ADH31-1), a lifetime alcohol consumption of 15-30 grams/day (approximately 1-2 drinks per day) increased breast cancer risk by two-fold (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1-3.5). In contrast, the increase in risk from a lifetime alcohol consumption of 15-30 grams/day was less pronounced in the intermediate and slow metabolizing groups, respectively: ADH31-2 (OR = 1.5, 95%CI 0.9-2.4) and ADH32-2 (OR = 1.3, 95%CI 0.5-3.5). Fast metabolizers who drank 15-30 grams/day of alcohol had 2.3 times (95% CI 1.3-4.0) greater risk of breast cancer than nondrinkers who were intermediate or slow metabolizers. This association for fast metabolizers who drank 15-30 grams/day was particularly pronounced among premenopausal women (premenopausal women OR = 2.9, 95 % CI = 1.2-7.1; postmenopausal women OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 0.9-3.8). These population-based data support the hypothesis that fast metabolizers of alcohol have a higher risk of breast cancer risk, especially premenopausally, from alcohol intake than slow metabolizers.


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