© 1999 Oxford University Press
Commentary |
The light at the end of the tunnel for chemical-specific biomarkers: daylight or headlight?
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Abbreviations: AFB1, aflatoxin B1; AFM1, aflatoxin M1; AFB1–N7-gua, aflatoxin B1–N7-guanine; AFB1–NAC, aflatoxin–mercapturic acid; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCC, human hepatocellular carcinoma; RR, relative risk.
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
 |
Chemical-specific biomarkers: the challenge and goals |
|---|
The use of chemical-specific biomarkers for identifying stages in the progression of development of the toxic effects of environmental agents has the potential for providing important information for critical regulatory, clinical and public health problems (1,2). Since the development of a paradigm for molecular biomarkers by a committee of the National Research Council over a decade ago, some progress has been made in applying such chemical biomarkers to specific environmental situations that may be hazardous to humans, as exemplified by the study of aflatoxins discussed in detail below. As in many areas of science, however, the initial excitement at being able to measure a specific entity has been replaced by the challenge of how to interpret the results. This dilemma is exacerbated by the complexities introduced through the interactions between genes and environmental factors that underlie most human disease. For a molecular biomarker paradigm to guide
|
Chemical-specific biomarkers: validation strategies and methodological approaches |
|---|
|
The molecular biomarker paradigm |
|---|
Exposure markers
Risk markers
|
The aflatoxin story: a paradigm for environmental biomarkers |
|---|
Chemical carcinogen in animals
Suspect human carcinogen/disease linkage
Identify and develop methodologies for measuring chemical-specific biomarkers
Determine relation of biomarker to exposure and disease in experimental animals
Modulation of biomarker and disease in animal chemoprevention studies
Cross-sectional studies of biomarker levels in exposed humans
Longitudinal study of biomarkers in humans
Case–control studies, cohort studies and clinical trials
Case–control studies.
Cohort studies.
Clinical trials.
|
Future prospects for chemical-specific biomarkers |
|---|
Implications of biomarker data for public health
The promise of biomarkers in public health prevention: genes, environment and gene–environment interactions
The light at the end of the tunnel for chemical-specific biomarkers: daylight or headlight?
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  E. A. C. Hubal Biologically Relevant Exposure Science for 21st Century Toxicity Testing Toxicol. Sci., October 1, 2009; 111(2): 226 - 232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. F. McCoy, P. F. Scholl, A. E. Sutcliffe, S. M. Kieszak, C. D. Powers, H. S. Rogers, Y. Y. Gong, J. D. Groopman, C. P. Wild, and R. L. Schleicher Human Aflatoxin Albumin Adducts Quantitatively Compared by ELISA, HPLC with Fluorescence Detection, and HPLC with Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2008; 17(7): 1653 - 1657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Tang, M. Tang, L. Xu, H. Luo, T. Huang, J. Yu, L. Zhang, W. Gao, S. B. Cox, and J.-S. Wang Modulation of aflatoxin biomarkers in human blood and urine by green tea polyphenols intervention Carcinogenesis, February 1, 2008; 29(2): 411 - 417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. P. Wild Complementing the Genome with an "Exposome": The Outstanding Challenge of Environmental Exposure Measurement in Molecular Epidemiology Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2005; 14(8): 1847 - 1850. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B P Lanphear and C F Bearer Biomarkers in paediatric research and practice Arch. Dis. Child., June 1, 2005; 90(6): 594 - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. D. Groopman Validation Strategies for Biomarkers: Old and New Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Educ. Book, April 1, 2005; 2005(1): 81 - 84. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. E. Jackson, S.-Y. Kuang, J.-B. Wang, P. T. Strickland, A. Munoz, T. W. Kensler, G.-S. Qian, and J. D. Groopman Prospective detection of codon 249 mutations in plasma of hepatocellular carcinoma patients Carcinogenesis, October 1, 2003; 24(10): 1657 - 1663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Goldman and P. G. Shields Food Mutagens J. Nutr., March 1, 2003; 133(3): 965S - 973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.P. Wild and P.C. Turner The toxicology of aflatoxins as a basis for public health decisions Mutagenesis, November 1, 2002; 17(6): 471 - 481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. T. Haber, A. Maier, Q. Zhao, J. S. Dollarhide, R. E. Savage, and M. L. Dourson Applications of Mechanistic Data in Risk Assessment: The Past, Present, and Future Toxicol. Sci., May 1, 2001; 61(1): 32 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. P. Perera Molecular Epidemiology: On the Path to Prevention? J Natl Cancer Inst, April 19, 2000; 92(8): 602 - 612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|