Carcinogenesis Advance Access originally published online on March 20, 2008
Carcinogenesis 2008 29(5):918-925; doi:10.1093/carcin/bgn079
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notch-1 regulates transcription of the epidermal growth factor receptor through p53
,*
Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
1 Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
2 Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute/National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program
4 Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
5 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 434 924 5545; Fax: +1 434 243 6843;Email: bwp5g{at}virginia.edu
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionFundingReferences |
|---|
The Notch pathway plays a key role in the development and is increasingly recognized for its importance in cancer. We demonstrated previously the overexpression of Notch-1 and its ligands in gliomas and showed that their knockdown inhibits glioma cell proliferation and survival. To elucidate the mechanisms downstream of Notch-1 in glioma cells, we performed microarray profiling of glioma cells transfected with Notch-1 small interfering RNA. Notable among downregulated transcripts was the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), known to be overexpressed or amplified in gliomas and prominent in other cancers as well. Further studies confirmed that Notch-1 inhibition decreased EGFR messenger RNA (mRNA) and EGFR protein in glioma and other cell lines. Transfection with Notch-1 increased EGFR expression. Additionally, we found a significant correlation in levels of EGFR and Notch-1 mRNA in primary high-grade human gliomas. Subsequent experiments showed that p53, an activator of the EGFR promoter, is regulated by Notch-1. Experiments with p53-positive and -null cell lines confirmed that p53 partially mediates the effects of Notch-1 on EGFR expression. These results show for the first time that Notch-1 upregulates EGFR expression and also demonstrate Notch-1 regulation of p53 in gliomas. These observations have significant implications for understanding the mechanisms of Notch in cancer and development.
Abbreviations: EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; mRNA, messenger RNA; NICD, Notch intracellular domain; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; siRNA, small interfering RNA
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionFundingReferences |
|---|
The Notch pathway plays a central role in stem cell maintenance, cell fate decisions and cell survival. Four members of the Notch family have been identified, each a single-pass transmembrane protein with complex extracellular and intracellular domains. Binding of a Delta-like or Jagged ligand on one cell to Notch on an adjacent cell triggers enzymatic cleavages, which liberate the Notch intracellular domain (NICD). The NICD travels to the nucleus, where it activates transcription by a CSL transcription factor (CBF1 in human cells). This drives transcription of mediators of Notch signaling such as members of the HES and HEY transcription factor families. A non-classical pathway involving Notch and possibly mediated by the Deltex ubiquitin ligases (1) has also been suggested. While some downstream mediators of Notch signaling have been identified, it is clear that many direct and indirect Notch targets have yet to be revealed.
In recent years, roles for Notch and its ligands have been shown in several cancers. For instance, Notch can act in an oncogenic fashion, with acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma perhaps the clearest example (2–4). In other neoplasms, such as non-small cell lung cancer and skin cancer, Notch has a tumor suppressor function (5,6). More recently, Notch has been shown by our laboratory and others to play a tumor-promoting role in brain tumors. Notch-2 has been suggested to drive embryonal brain tumor growth (7), whereas Notch-3 has been implicated in choroid plexus tumors (8). We demonstrated previously the presence of Notch-1 and its ligands Delta-like-1 and Jagged-1 in gliomas and their importance in glioma cell survival (9). To probe for downstream effectors of Notch-1 in gliomas, we performed microarray analysis of glioma cell lines following efficient small interfering RNA (siRNA) knock down of Notch-1.
Microarray data from Notch-1 knockdown revealed decreased expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a receptor tyrosine kinase implicated in carcinogenesis and in gliomagenesis. EGFR has been found to be amplified and/or upregulated in a large subset of the most aggressive gliomas (10), and EGFR inhibitors have shown efficacy in the treatment of patients with high-grade gliomas (11). In central nervous system development, EGFR and Notch have both been shown to direct cells toward a glial cell fate; however, neither has previously been shown to upregulate expression of the other. Herein, we have demonstrated the regulation of EGFR by Notch-1.
|
Materials and methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionFundingReferences |
|---|
Cell culture and primary human astrocytomas
Human glioma cell lines U87MG and T98G were acquired from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA) and cultured in modified Eagle’s medium (Mediatech, Herndon, VA,) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin–streptomycin. The 0206 cell line is a primary human glioma cell line derived from a human glioma surgical sample using an institutional review board-approved protocol and cultured in serum-free conditions using methods we have described previously (12). Human colon cancer cell lines wild-type HCT116 and p53-null HCT116 (13) were kindly provided by Dr Bert Vogelstein and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Mediatech) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin–streptomycin. The adult human dermal fibroblast cell line was obtained from Sciencell (San Diego, CA) and grown in their media. All cell lines were incubated at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was obtained from 31 primary human gliomas as described previously (9).
Real-time polymerase chain reaction
mRNA expression levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a two-step procedure (reverse transcription being a separate step from the PCR) using ABI AmpliTaq Polymerase and fluorescent resonant energy transfer technology on an ABI Prism 7900 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Reverse transcription–PCR
Cell lysis and RNA purification were done with the RNEasy kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. The reverse transcriptase reaction was done with the Superscript II kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) as per the manufacturer’s instructions and PCR done using standard techniques.
Western blotting
Whole-cell lysates were prepared in Cell Signaling Lysis Buffer (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA) as per the manufacturer’s instructions along with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and a protease inhibitor cocktail (Complete Mini, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). Cell lysate samples were run on a precast 4–12% Bis–Tris gel (Invitrogen), transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Invitrogen) and probed with primary antibody. Primary antibodies included those to EGFR antibody (1:200, Santa Cruz Biotechnology sc-03, Santa Cruz, CA), p53 antibody (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)–horseradish peroxidase (1:200, Santa Cruz Biotechnology sc-20357), β-actin (1:200, Santa Cruz Biotechnology sc-1615), 
-tubulin (1:5000, Sigma–Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO), p21 (1:200, Santa Cruz Biotechnology sc-6246), p53R2 (1:200, Santa Cruz Biotechnology sc-10840) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (1:200, Santa Cruz Biotechnology sc-25280). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies to rabbit, mouse and goat IgG were used (1:10 000, Jackson Immunology Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME). All antibodies were diluted in blocking buffer (5% wt/vol non-fat dry milk or bovine serum albumin, 10 mol/l Tris–HCl, 100 mmol/l NaCl and 0.1% vol/vol Tween 20). All other buffers used during western blotting were made following the Invitrogen’s NuPage protocol.
Cell transfection
Control and Notch-1 siRNA duplexes were synthesized by Xeragon (Qiagen, Valencia, CA,) p53 siRNA was obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (proprietary sequence). Cells were plated in six-well tissue culture plates at a density of 4.5 x 104 per well and transfected 24 h later with Oligofectamine (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol, with a concentration of 10 nmol/l siRNA. A second transfection was done 24 h after the first. siRNA dosage was lowered to 10 nmol/l from the recommended concentration of 200 nmol/l because cell proliferation assays showed non-specific toxicity from control siRNA at 200 nmol/l. For the 0206 primary glioma cell line, cells were plated in laminin- and polyornithine-coated six-well plates the day prior to transfection. siRNA sequences were as follows: Notch-1—r(UGGCGGGAAGUGUGAAGCG)d(TT), r(CGCUUCACACUUCCCGCCA)d(TT); other Notch-1 siRNA (see Figure 1D)—r(CAUCCAGGACAACAUGGGC)d(TT), r(GCCCAUGUUGUCCUGGAUG)d(TT) and control (from Xeragon/Qiagen)—r(UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGU)d(TT), r(ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAA)d(TT).
|
Reporter plasmid assays
A plasmid-encoding luciferase under the control of the EGFR promoter was kindly provided by Dr Alfred C.Johnson (Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) (14). A p53 activity reporter construct encoding luciferase under the control of four consensus p53-binding sites was obtained from Panomics (Fremont, CA). Reporters of p53 promoter activity, with luciferase under the control of the p53 promoter, were kindly provided by Steven Safe (Texas A&M University, College Station, TX) (15) and Moshe Oren (Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel).
Cells were transfected with 1 µg of promoter–luciferase DNA or minimal TATA box-luciferase DNA and cotransfected with 50 ng beta-galactosidase plasmid (for normalization) 24 h after the second siRNA transfection (described above) using the Fugene 6 Transfection Reagent (Roche Diagnostics) as per the manufacturer’s recommendations. Twenty-four hours after reporter plasmid transfection, cells were harvested and extracts prepared using luciferase cell lysis buffer (Promega Corp., Madison, WI). Luciferase activity was assessed with the luciferase assay system (Promega Corp.) as per the manufacturer’s protocol on a 20/20n Luminometer (Turner BioSystems, Sunnyvale, CA). Results of each experiment were normalized in two ways. Firstly, each well was divided by the beta-galactosidase activity for that well (determined by Galacto-Light kit, Tropix, Bedford, MA). Each experiment was performed with both the reporter plasmid of interest and a control luciferase plasmid with a minimal TATA box promoter; the luciferase–beta-galactosidase value for each reporter plasmid well was divided by the average luciferase–beta-galactosidase value of three control plasmid wells (the three which received the same siRNA or NICD/control plasmid). Reporter plasmid experiments were thus doubly normalized, with each sample corrected by its beta-galactosidase activity from a cotransfected constitutive vector and also by values in adjacent wells with a control reporter plasmid with luciferase driven by a minimal TATA box promoter.
Expression vectors
The pCLEN plasmid encoding the Notch-1 intracellular domain has been described previously and was a kind gift of G.Fishell (Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY) (16). The plasmid encoding wild-type p53 has been described previously and was a kind gift of B.Vogelstein (Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD) (17). The full-length Notch-1 construct has also been described previously and was a kind gift of Spyros Artavanis-Tsakonas (Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA) (18). Cells were transfected twice with 2 µg of expression vector or empty pCRII-TOPO control (Invitrogen) 6 and 24 h after the second siRNA transfection (described above) using the Fugene 6 Transfection Reagent (Roche Diagnostics) as per the manufacturer’s recommendations. For luciferase assays, cells were cotransfected with reporter constructs at the same time. Cells were harvested 24 h following transfection for luciferase assays or western blotting. For experiments with transfection of full-length Notch-1, U87MG cells were transfected with the Fugene HD reagent (Roche Diagnostics) as per the manufacturer’s recommendations, using 2 µg of DNA and 4 µl of Fugene HD per well of a six-well plate.
Gamma-secretase inhibitor experiments
The 0206 primary human glioma cells were plated in laminin- and polyornithine-coated 6- or 12-well plates the day prior to adding drug. N-[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester, a well-established gamma-secretase inhibitor used frequently for Notch inhibition (19,20), was added the next day at 25 µM (from a stock solution in dimethyl sulfoxide of 10 mM). Control was equal volume:volume dimethyl sulfoxide.
Statistical analysis
Student’s t-test was performed for most experiments with Microsoft Excel:mac2001 (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA). Deming regression was done (Figure 5) with Prism 4 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). Deming regression was deemed a more appropriate method for this analysis than standard linear regression, since both values (Notch-1 and EGFR expression) have approximately equal errors of determination. All data shown are representative examples of results obtained from experiments conducted two or more times.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionFundingReferences |
|---|
Decreased EGFR expression with Notch-1 inhibition
Microarray data of glioma cell lines transfected with a previously validated Notch-1 siRNA (9) indicated downregulation of EGFR expression with Notch-1 knockdown. To better quantitate this, we determined EGFR mRNA and protein levels in two established glioma cell lines and the 0206 primary glioma cell line transiently transfected with control or Notch-1 siRNA. Both EGFR mRNA and protein dropped significantly with Notch-1 knockdown in all three cell lines (Figure 1A and B). Other glioma cell lines demonstrated similar downregulation of EGFR levels following Notch-1 inhibition (data not shown). To address concerns regarding the potential off-target effects of gene silencing by siRNA, we used a second siRNA targeted to a different site on Notch-1 and still observed a pronounced reduction in EGFR protein levels with Notch-1 knockdown (Figure 1B). We also demonstrated decreased EGFR protein in a glioma cell line treated with N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester, a small-molecule gamma-secretase inhibitor well established as a Notch inhibitor (Figure 1B). This experiment was performed in 0206, a primary glioma cell line derived and grown under serum-free conditions, as we have found that such cell lines are markedly more sensitive to gamma-secretase inhibitors than the standard glioma cell lines. The effect of Notch-1 knockdown was not restricted to gliomas, as we saw similar decreases in EGFR protein with Notch-1 silencing in osteosarcoma and colon cancer lines as well as in normal human fibroblasts (Figure 1C). Further corroborating the Notch-1 regulation of EGFR, transfection of U87MG glioma cells with Notch-1 upregulated EGFR protein expression (Figure 1D).
Effect of Notch-1 expression on EGFR promoter activity
We next considered whether Notch-1 was able to affect EGFR expression at the transcriptional level by regulating the activity of the EGFR promoter. Transfection with Notch-1 siRNA versus a control siRNA led to a 3- to 4-fold drop in activity of an EGFR promoter–luciferase reporter, suggesting transcriptional regulation of EGFR by Notch-1 (Figure 2A). We performed similar experiments with transient transfection of control vector or expression vector delivering NICD, the constitutively active Notch-1 intracellular domain, and observed an 
3-fold induction of promoter activity following transfection (Figure 2B). This further indicated that Notch-1 affects EGFR transcription. These results were consistent in two glioma cell lines.
|
p53 is a mediator of the Notch-1 effects on EGFR expression
In seeking out potential mediators for the regulation of EGFR expression by Notch-1, we noted in our microarray data a decrease in p53 transcript levels following Notch-1 silencing. This was of interest because both wild-type and mutant p53 have been demonstrated to upregulate EGFR transcription (21–23). To confirm the effects of Notch-1 knockdown on p53 expression, we first assayed changes in p53 mRNA and protein levels by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively (Figure 3A and B). Reductions in both p53 mRNA and protein expression were observed by these techniques. A reduction in p53 protein was also seen in 0206 primary glioma cells treated with the gamma-secretase inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (Figure 3B). Efficient transfection of U87MG cells with Notch-1 caused the reverse, an increase in p53 protein (Figure 3B). The decrease in p53 expression following Notch-1 knockdown led to a pronounced suppression in p53 transcriptional activity, comparable with that seen following transfection with a p53 siRNA, as assessed by a luciferase reporter plasmid under the regulatory control of the p53 consensus DNA-binding site (Figure 3C). Transfection with an NICD expression vector led to a corresponding induction of p53 activity (Figure 3C). As further evidence of Notch-1 regulation of p53 activity, we showed decreased expression of the well-established p53 targets p21, p53R2 and PCNA following Notch-1 silencing (Figure 3C).
|
Given our finding that p53 mRNA as well as protein was affected by Notch-1, we considered it likely that the regulation was at the transcriptional level. We therefore tested the effects of Notch-1 knockdown on the activity of p53 promoter–luciferase reporter plasmids. Transfection with Notch-1 siRNA indeed significantly decreased p53 promoter activity (Figure 3D). Upregulation of Notch-1 activity through transfection of an NICD expression vector caused an increase in p53 promoter activity (Figure 3D).
In order to confirm that p53 regulates EGFR expression in glioma cells, we transfected U87 and T98 cells with a p53 siRNA that we validated by western blot (Figure 4A). As demonstrated in Figure 4A, p53 silencing resulted in decreased EGFR protein levels (Figure 4A). As has been demonstrated previously in other systems, p53 silencing by siRNA resulted in suppression of EGFR promoter activity (Figure 4B). Of note, these findings were seen in glioma cell lines that harbor either wild-type (U87MG) or mutant (T98G) p53 (24,25). In contrast, EGFR promoter activity was induced following the transient overexpression of wild-type p53 in U87MG cells (Figure 4B).
|
To further support a role for p53 in mediating the Notch-1 regulation of EGFR expression, we used a p53-null glioma cell line in addition to a well-established p53 knockout cell line. The effect of Notch-1 silencing on EGFR promoter–reporter activity was assessed in LNZ308, a glioma cell line lacking p53. No effect was seen in LNZ308 in comparison with the marked decrease noted in U87MG (Figure 4C). Furthermore, transient transfection with an NICD expression vector produced minimal change in EGFR reporter promoter activity in LNZ308 (Figure 4C), as compared with the previously noted increases in T98G and U87MG (Figure 2B). In contrast, transfection of LNZ308 by a p53 expression vector resulted in a marked increase in EGFR promoter activity (Figure 4C). In addition, we performed similar experiments in HCT116 colon carcinoma cells with wild-type p53 (HCT116 wt) or with both p53 alleles disrupted by homologous recombination (HCT116 p53–/–) (generous gifts of B.Vogelstein). siRNA knock down of Notch-1 expression led to a significant decrease in EGFR promoter–reporter activity in HCT116 wt but not HCT116 p53–/– cells (Figure 4D). Transient transfection with the NICD expression vector yielded a much larger increase in EGFR promoter–reporter activity in HCT116 wt than in HCT116 p53–/– cells (Figure 4D). These results indicate the importance of p53 for Notch-1 responsiveness of the EGFR promoter.
Correlation of Notch-1 and EGFR expression in primary human high-grade astrocytomas
We ascertained the relevance of our findings concerning the relationship between Notch-1 and EGFR expression to primary human gliomas by assessing Notch-1 and EGFR transcript levels using quantitative PCR in a panel of 22 primary human high-grade astrocytomas described previously (9). To eliminate the potential confounder caused by the relatively frequent amplification of EGFR in glioblastomas, we excluded samples with more than three copies of EGFR as determined by single nucleotide polymorphism array via methods described previously (26). As was suggested by our in vitro data, there was a significant positive correlation between EGFR and Notch-1 mRNA levels in these tumors (Figure 5, P value <0.05).
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionFundingReferences |
|---|
In this report, we demonstrate the transcriptional regulation of EGFR by Notch-1. In addition to demonstrating the effects of Notch-1 expression on EGFR mRNA and protein levels in various glioma cell lines, we also demonstrate a similar correlation between EGFR mRNA and Notch-1 mRNA in patient-derived high-grade glioma samples. Additionally, a similar relationship was demonstrated in human fibroblasts and in other human cancer cell lines. As there are no classical CBF1 target sites in the EGFR promoter indicating more direct regulation by Notch-1, we investigated potential mediators of this regulation. The p53 protein has been well established as a transcriptional activator of EGFR expression, and interestingly this has been demonstrated for both wild-type and mutant versions of p53. Mutant p53 may retain transcriptional activity through binding to Sp1 protein (27), and Sp1 is a critical regulator of EGFR transcription (28,29). Our data confirmed upregulation of EGFR by p53 in glioma cell lines with both wild-type (U87MG) and mutant (T98G) p53. We noted potent regulation of p53 expression and activity by Notch-1, identifying it as a potential mediator of the Notch-1 regulation of EGFR.
There are no earlier reports documenting a role for Notch in upregulating EGFR expression. It has previously been found that Notch activation is key in maintaining Ras pathway activity, one of the downstream mediators of EGFR (30). Our report suggests that Notch also regulates the Ras pathway farther upstream through regulation of EGFR expression. Notch and EGFR have been found to have complementary expression patterns in Drosophila development (31,32), differing from our findings in human cells. While not showing regulation of one by the other, a previous report showed a correlation of Notch-3 and EGFR levels in human lung cancer and also suggested Notch-3–EGFR pathway interaction (33). Previous links between Notch and p53 have described variable interactions. Two reports mention an increase in p53 expression with constitutive Notch activation (34,35), but suppression of p53 by Notch activity has also been well established (36,37). No previous report to our knowledge has demonstrated a major decrease in p53 expression and activity with Notch inhibition, as in this report. The difference between our findings and those of prior reports claiming suppression of p53 by Notch activity may be secondary to context or dose dependence of Notch activity.
Context dependence of Notch pathway activity is widely accepted. While we found Notch-1 knockdown to result in decreased EGFR in gliomas and other cell lines we assessed, it may not be true in all settings. Some recent reports indicate that Notch signaling may have very different outputs depending on whether Delta-like or Jagged ligands are binding (38–41), and this difference may be one explanation for context dependence. While it is not described in this report, we assessed the effects of Delta-like-1 and Jagged-1 knockdown on EGFR protein levels in glioma cell lines. Jagged-1 knockdown, like Notch-1 knockdown, markedly decreased EGFR protein, whereas Delta-like-1 knockdown slightly increased it (data not shown). It is therefore possible that it is Jagged-1–Notch-1 signaling and not Delta-like-1–Notch-1 signaling which maintains EGFR expression, although this hypothesis awaits formal testing.
Cell lines lacking p53 show a diminished but still present level of regulation of EGFR by Notch-1. Thus, while we clearly identify p53 as a mediator of the Notch-1 regulation of the EGFR promoter, there are probably other mediators, possibly posttranscriptional, yet to be identified.
It should be noted that the transcriptional upregulation of EGFR by Notch activity is probably less potent than that from EGFR amplification, a characteristic of roughly 40% of glioblastomas (42). EGFR amplification may increase its expression by 10- to 40-fold, potentially overwhelming any effects from Notch regulation. We therefore eliminated as potential confounders any samples with EGFR amplification from our analysis of Notch–EGFR expression correlation in primary human samples in Figure 5. However, given that the EGFR amplicon still contains the normal EGFR promoter, we hypothesize that Notch regulation still affects EGFR expression levels in tumors with amplification.
This work has significant implications for both oncology and developmental research. The Notch pathway is ubiquitous in development and cell fate determination, and both EGFR and p53 play roles in development as well. This report suggests EGFR and p53 as mediators of some of the many roles of Notch in development. It also establishes another point of cross talk between the Notch and EGFR–Ras pathways. Notch is currently being investigated as a therapeutic target in several cancers, including glioma, and this work suggests diminished EGFR expression as an additional mechanism of action. Optimism for Notch inhibition may need to be tempered, however, by the theoretical concern raised by the potential implications of long-term p53 downregulation that might result in some contexts from chronic Notch inhibition.
|
Funding |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionFundingReferences |
|---|
Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health; National Cancer Institute; Center for Cancer Research; Department of Neurology University of Virginia to B.P.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
These authors contributed equally to this work. 
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
We gratefully acknowledge Bert Vogelstein for his kind gifts of the p53 wild-type/null HCT cell lines and the p53 expression plasmid. Spyros Artavanis-Tsakonas generously sent the full-length Notch-1 construct used in this report. We also thank Dr Alfred C.Johnson for his kind gift of the EGFR promoter–reporter plasmid. We thank Gord Fishell for his gift of the Notch-1 intracellular domain expression plasmid. We are also grateful to S.Diane Hayward for her gift of the Notch reporter plasmid. Steven Safe and Moshe Oren were both kind enough to independently send p53 promoter–luciferase reporter plasmids.
Conflict of Interest Statement: None declared.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionFundingReferences |
|---|
- Matsuno K, et al. Deltex acts as a positive regulator of Notch signaling through interactions with the Notch ankyrin repeats. Development (1995) 121:2633–2644.[Abstract]
- Lin YW, et al. Notch1 mutations are important for leukemic transformation in murine models of precursor-T leukemia/lymphoma. Blood (2006) 107:2540–2543.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Weng AP, et al. Activating mutations of NOTCH1 in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Science (2004) 306:269–271.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Weng AP, et al. Growth suppression of pre-T acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by inhibition of notch signaling. Mol. Cell. Biol. (2003) 23:655–664.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Nicolas M, et al. Notch1 functions as a tumor suppressor in mouse skin. Nat. Genet. (2003) 33:416–421.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Sriuranpong V, et al. Notch signaling induces cell cycle arrest in small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Res. (2001) 61:3200–3205.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Fan X, et al. Notch1 and notch2 have opposite effects on embryonal brain tumor growth. Cancer Res. (2004) 64:7787–7793.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Dang L, et al. Notch3 signaling initiates choroid plexus tumor formation. Oncogene (2006) 25:487–491.[Web of Science][Medline]
- Purow BW, et al. Expression of Notch-1 and its ligands, Delta-like-1 and Jagged-1, is critical for glioma cell survival and proliferation. Cancer Res. (2005) 65:2353–2363.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Libermann TA, et al. Amplification, enhanced expression and possible rearrangement of EGF receptor gene in primary human brain tumours of glial origin. Nature (1985) 313:144–147.[CrossRef][Medline]
- Mellinghoff IK, et al. Molecular determinants of the response of glioblastomas to EGFR kinase inhibitors. N. Engl. J. Med. (2005) 353:2012–2024.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Lee J, et al. Tumor stem cells derived from glioblastomas cultured in bFGF and EGF more closely mirror the phenotype and genotype of primary tumors than do serum-cultured cell lines. Cancer Cell (2006) 9:391–403.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Bunz F, et al. Requirement for p53 and p21 to sustain G2 arrest after DNA damage. Science (1998) 282:1497–1501.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Nishi H, et al. Early Growth Response-1 gene mediates up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression during hypoxia. Cancer Res. (2002) 62:827–834.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Qin C, et al. Estrogen up-regulation of p53 gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells is mediated by calmodulin kinase IV-dependent activation of a nuclear factor kappaB/CCAAT-binding transcription factor-1 complex. Mol. Endocrinol. (2002) 16:1793–1809.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Gaiano N, et al. Radial glial identity is promoted by Notch1 signaling in the murine forebrain. Neuron (2000) 26:395–404.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Baker SJ, et al. Suppression of human colorectal carcinoma cell growth by wild-type p53. Science (1990) 249:912–915.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Matsuno K, et al. Human deltex is a conserved regulator of Notch signalling. Nat. Genet. (1998) 19:74–78.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Cheng HT, et al. Gamma-secretase activity is dispensable for mesenchyme-to-epithelium transition but required for podocyte and proximal tubule formation in developing mouse kidney. Development (2003) 130:5031–5042.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Sastre M, et al. Presenilin-dependent gamma-secretase processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein at a site corresponding to the S3 cleavage of Notch. EMBO Rep. (2001) 2:835–841.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Deb SP, et al. Wild-type human p53 activates the human epidermal growth factor receptor promoter. Oncogene (1994) 9:1341–1349.[Web of Science][Medline]
- Ludes-Meyers JH, et al. Transcriptional activation of the human epidermal growth factor receptor promoter by human p53. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1996) 16:6009–6019.[Abstract]
- Sheikh MS, et al. Identification of an additional p53-responsive site in the human epidermal growth factor receptor gene promotor. Oncogene (1997) 15:1095–1101.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Asai A, et al. Negative effects of wild-type p53 and s-Myc on cellular growth and tumorigenicity of glioma cells. Implication of the tumor suppressor genes for gene therapy. J. Neurooncol. (1994) 19:259–268.[CrossRef][Medline]
- Yamagishi N, et al. Modification of the radiosensitivity of human cells to which simian virus 40 T-antigen was transfected. J. Radiat. Res. (Tokyo) (1995) 36:239–247.[CrossRef][Medline]
- Kotliarov Y, et al. High-resolution global genomic survey of 178 gliomas reveals novel regions of copy number alteration and allelic imbalances. Cancer Res. (2006) 66:9428–9436.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Chicas A, et al. Mutant p53 forms a complex with Sp1 on HIV-LTR DNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2000) 279:383–390.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- McGaffin KR, et al. Identification and characterization of a response element in the EGFR promoter that mediates transcriptional repression by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in breast cancer cells. J. Mol. Endocrinol. (2005) 35:117–133.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Nishi H, et al. p53 Homologue p63 represses epidermal growth factor receptor expression. J. Biol. Chem. (2001) 276:41717–41724.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Weijzen S, et al. Activation of Notch-1 signaling maintains the neoplastic phenotype in human Ras-transformed cells. Nat. Med. (2002) 8:979–986.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Culi J, et al. The EGF receptor and N signalling pathways act antagonistically in Drosophila mesothorax bristle patterning. Development (2001) 128:299–308.[Abstract]
- zur Lage P, et al. Antagonism of EGFR and notch signalling in the reiterative recruitment of Drosophila adult chordotonal sense organ precursors. Development (1999) 126:3149–3157.[Abstract]
- Haruki N, et al. Dominant-negative Notch3 receptor inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and the growth of human lung cancers. Cancer Res. (2005) 65:3555–3561.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Qi R, et al. Notch1 signaling inhibits growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Res. (2003) 63:8323–8329.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Yang X, et al. Notch activation induces apoptosis in neural progenitor cells through a p53-dependent pathway. Dev. Biol. (2004) 269:81–94.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Beverly LJ, et al. Suppression of p53 by Notch in lymphomagenesis: implications for initiation and regression. Cancer Res. (2005) 65:7159–7168.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kim SB, et al. Activated Notch1 interacts with p53 to inhibit its phosphorylation and transactivation. Cell Death Differ (2007) 14:982–991.[Web of Science][Medline]
- Amsen D, et al. Instruction of distinct CD4 T helper cell fates by different notch ligands on antigen-presenting cells. Cell (2004) 117:515–526.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Brooker R, et al. Notch ligands with contrasting functions: Jagged1 and Delta1 in the mouse inner ear. Development (2007) 133:1277–1286.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
- Cheng P, et al. Regulation of dendritic cell differentiation by bone marrow stroma via different Notch ligands. Blood (2007) 109:507–515.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Zecchin E, et al. Distinct delta and jagged genes control sequential segregation of pancreatic cell types from precursor pools in zebrafish. Dev. Biol (2007) 301:192–204.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Wong AJ, et al. Increased expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in malignant gliomas is invariably associated with gene amplification. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (1987) 84:6899–6903.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  O. Meurette, S. Stylianou, R. Rock, G. M. Collu, A. P. Gilmore, and K. Brennan Notch Activation Induces Akt Signaling via an Autocrine Loop to Prevent Apoptosis in Breast Epithelial Cells Cancer Res., June 15, 2009; 69(12): 5015 - 5022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T.J. Pierfelice, K.C. Schreck, C.G. Eberhart, and N. Gaiano Notch, Neural Stem Cells, and Brain Tumors Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, November 19, 2008; (2008) sqb.2008.73.013v2. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||