Carcinogenesis, Vol. 23, No. 2, 227-229,
February 2002
© 2002 Oxford University Press
COMMENTARY |
Women who smoke: are women more susceptible to tobacco-induced lung cancer?
Department of Toxicology, National Institute of Occupational Health,PO Box 8149 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway Email: age.haugen@stami.no
Abbreviations: DCR, DNA repair capacity; ER, estrogen receptor; GRP, gastrin-releasing peptide.
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More women are smoking |
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The WHO estimates that lung cancer is the most frequent cancer in the world today and the global incidence of lung cancer is increasing at 0.5% per year due to the fact that the smoking epidemic continues to spread to developing countries. Lung cancer is strongly related to smoking. We know that ~85–90% of lung cancer patients are smokers. The cigarette epidemic is also becoming a serious issue in women's health. Presently, ~47% of men and 12% of women worldwide aged 15 years and over are smokers. In many developed countries the smoking prevalence is about the same among women and men and may in several countries surpass the rate in men in the near future (1–3). In several countries, lung cancer has surpassed breast cancer and is now the leading cause of cancer deaths among women.
For men in developed countries, the full effect of cigarette
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Epidemiological studies |
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Laboratory studies |
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Conclusion |
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References |
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