Carcinogenesis Advance Access originally published online on September 9, 2004
Carcinogenesis 2005 26(1):65-72; doi:10.1093/carcin/bgh277
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Carcinogenesis vol.26 no.1 © Oxford University Press 2005; all rights reserved.
ARTICLE |
NAD+-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) behaves as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and 2 Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
3 To whom correspondence should be addressed Email: htai1{at}uky.edu
It has been reported that two inducible prostaglandin synthetic enzymes, cylooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal PGE synthase, are over-expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Using quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, we analyzed RNA levels of the key prostaglandin catabolic enzyme, NAD+-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), in 19 pairs of NSCLC tumors and adjacent non-malignant tissue from the same patient. We found that 100% of tumor-tissue pairs showed at least a 2-fold decrease and 61% showed a 10-fold decrease. This suggests that the increased expression of COX-2 and PGE synthase in tumors may work in concert with the decreased expression of 15-PGDH to amplify an increase in tissue levels of proliferative PGE2. To further explore if 15-PGDH is related to tumorigenesis, athymic nude mice were injected with control A549 cells or cells transiently over-expressing wild-type or mutant 15-PGDH (Y151F). It was found that mice injected with control A549 cells or with cells expressing mutant enzyme produced tumors normally. However, mice injected with A549 cells expressing wild-type 15-PGDH had a significant decrease in tumor growth. Examining the effects of 15-PGDH expression on cellular changes in A549 cells, we found that over-expression of 15-PGDH induced apoptosis of A549 cells as evidenced by fragmentation of DNA, activation of pro-caspase 3, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and decreased expression of Bcl-2. We also found that the expression of 15-PGDH was negatively related to that of pro-adhesive and invasive CD44. Furthermore, the expression of 15-PGDH was found to be stimulated by hyaluronidase. These results suggest that 15-PGDH may decrease the level of proliferative PGE2, induce apoptosis and function like a tumor suppressor.
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