Carcinogenesis Advance Access originally published online on February 12, 2006
Carcinogenesis 2006 27(6):1273-1284; doi:10.1093/carcin/bgi357
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Ripe areca nut extract induces G1 phase arrests and senescence-associated phenotypes in normal human oral keratinocyte
1 Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, 2 Department of Dentistry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan and 3 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Taipei Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Li-Nong Street, Sector 2, Taipei, Taiwan 112. Fax: +8862 28264053; E-mail: sclin{at}ym.edu.tw
Around 200–600 million Asians chew areca (also called betel), which contains a mixture of areca nut and other ingredients. Epidemiological evidences indicated that areca use is tightly linked to oral carcinogenesis. This study investigated the effects of ripe areca nut extract (ANE) on cultured normal human oral keratinocyte (NHOK). Acute subtoxic ANE treatment inhibited DNA synthesis and induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase in early passage (<4th passage) cells. This was accompanied by a slight increase in the sub-G1 cellular fraction. O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), Hsp27 and p38MAPK was upregulated. p16 and p21 were remarkably upregulated early and declined afterwards. In contrast, the increase of dephosphorylated Rb seemed to be secondary to the episodes of p16 and p21 upregulation. To simulate the chronic areca exposure in vivo, constant ANE treatment in serial NHOK culture was performed. It resulted in a significant decrease in the population doubling, increase in senescence-associated ß-galactosidase (SA-ß-Gal) and decrease in cell proliferation in NHOK of late passages (
4th passage). Induction of senescence-associated phenotypes, G2/M accumulation and genomic instability following long-term ANE treatment were also observed in a low-grade oral carcinoma cell. ANE-treated NHOK also had a higher nuclear factor-
B (NF-B) fraction and a lower cytosolic IB
level relative to the control in late passages. Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) indicated that ANE treatment shifted the NF-B complex from high mobility position to lower mobility position in late-passaged NHOK. ANE treatment also upregulated IL-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expressions in late-passaged NHOK. In summary, our findings suggest that ANE induces the cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase and the occurrence of senescence-associated phenotypes of NHOK. The upregulation of p38MAPK, p16, p21, NF-B, IL-6 and COX-2 are likely to participate in the control of these impacts.
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