Carcinogenesis Advance Access originally published online on August 29, 2007
Carcinogenesis 2007 28(10):2160-2165; doi:10.1093/carcin/bgm167
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High-order interactions among genetic polymorphisms in nucleotide excision repair pathway genes and smoking in modulating bladder cancer risk
1 Department of Epidemiology and Urology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
2 Department of Epidemiology and Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Epidemiology, Unit 1340, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Tel: +1 713 792 8016; Fax: +1 713 792 4657;Email: jiangu{at}mdanderson.org
Polymorphisms in nucleotide excision repair (NER) genes may cause variations in DNA repair capacity and increase susceptibility to bladder cancer through complex gene–gene and gene–smoking interactions. We applied two data mining approaches to explore high-order gene–gene and gene–environment interactions among 13 polymorphisms in nine major NER genes in 696 bladder cancer patients and 629 controls. Individually, only the XPD D312N variant genotypes exhibited a slightly increased risk for bladder cancer. In classification and regression tree analysis, we observed gene–gene interactions among CCNH V270A, ERCC6 M1097V and RAD23B A249V in ever smokers: smokers with the variant alleles at these three loci had an almost 30-fold increased risk of bladder cancer [odds ratio (OR): 29.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 9.3–93.7]. When evaluating combined effect of above four single nucleotide polymorphisms, we found a significant gene dosage effect for increased bladder cancer risk with increasing numbers of unfavorable genotypes. Compared with individuals with less than 2 unfavorable genotypes, those with 2 unfavorable genotypes and more than 2 unfavorable genotypes exhibited increased bladder cancer risk with ORs of 1.14 (95% CI: 0.87–1.51) and 2.15 (95% CI: 1.56–2.97), respectively (P < 0.001). The risks were more evident in ever smokers with ORs of 1.43 (95% CI: 1.02–2.01) and 3.40 (95% CI: 2.24–5.15), respectively (P < 0.001). In multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis, the five-factor model including smoking, CCNH V270A, ERCC6 M1097V, RAD23B A249V and XPD D312N had the best ability to predict bladder cancer risk. The contributions of these polymorphisms may jointly affect bladder cancer risk through gene–gene and gene–smoking interactions.
Abbreviations: CART, classification and regression tree; CI, confidence interval; CVC, cross-validation consistency; NER, nucleotide excision repair; MDR, multifactor dimensionality reduction; OR, odds ratio; SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms
Received April 2, 2007; revised July 2, 2007; accepted July 4, 2007.
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