Carcinogenesis Advance Access originally published online on May 20, 2008
Carcinogenesis 2008 29(6):1258-1266; doi:10.1093/carcin/bgn122
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Mesalazine negatively regulates CDC25A protein expression and promotes accumulation of colon cancer cells in S phase
Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +39 06 72596158; Fax: +39 06 72596391; Email: gi.monteleone{at}med.uniroma2.it
Regular consumption of mesalazine has been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying the antineoplastic effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid remain, however, poorly characterized. In this study, we examined whether mesalazine affects cell cycle progression and analyzed specific checkpoint pathways in experimental models of CRC. Mesalazine inhibited the growth of HCT-116 and HT-29 cells, two CRC cell lines that express either a wild-type or mutated p53. Cell cycle analysis revealed that mesalazine induced cells to accumulate in S phase. This effect was associated with a sustained phosphorylation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2 at threonine 14 and tyrosine 15 residues, an event that inactivates the CDK2–cyclin complex and blocks S–G2 phase cell cycle transition. Consistently, mesalazine reduced the protein content of CDC25A, a phosphatase that regulates CDK2 phosphorylation status. Analysis of upstream kinases that negatively control CDC25A expression showed that mesalazine enhanced the activation of CHK1 and CHK2. However, silencing of CHK1 and CHK2 did not prevent the mesalazine-induced CDC25A protein downregulation. In contrast, CDC25A protein ubiquitination and degradation and accumulation of cells in S phase following mesalazine exposure were reverted by proteasome inhibitors. Notably, mesalazine also inhibited CDC25A in human CRC explants. Finally, we showed that mesalazine downregulated CDC25A in CT26, a murine CRC cell line, and prevented the formation of CT26-derived tumors in mice. Data show that mesalazine negatively regulates CDC25A protein expression, thus delaying CRC cell progression.
Abbreviations: ATR, ATM- and Rad3-related; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; CRC, colorectal cancer; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PI, propidium iodide; siRNA, small interfering RNA; Thr-14, threonine 14; Tyr-15, tyrosine 15
Received January 4, 2008; revised April 15, 2008; accepted May 15, 2008.