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Carcinogenesis Advance Access published online on August 12, 2004
Carcinogenesis, doi:10.1093/carcin/bgh249
© 2004 by Oxford University Press
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Received November 5, 2003
Revised June 17, 2004
Accepted July 25, 2004

MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CANCER PREVENTION

Effects of supplementing a low-carotenoid diet with a tomato extract for 2 weeks on endogenous levels of DNA single strand breaks and immune functions in healthy nonsmokers and smokers

Karlis Briviba 1*, Sabine E. Kulling 1, Jutta Möseneder 1, Bernhard Watzl 1, Gerhard Rechkemmer 2, Achim Bub 1

1 Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Karlsruhe, Germany
2 Chair of Biofunctionality of Food, Department Food and Nutrition, Life and Food Science Center Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: karlis.briviba{at}bfe.uni-karlsruhe.de.


  Abstract

Increased consumption of tomato products is associated with a decreased risk of cancer. The present study was performed to investigate whether consumption of a tomato oleoresin extract for 2 weeks can affect endogenous levels of DNA single strand breaks in peripheral blood lymphocytes in healthy nonsmokers and smokers. We also assessed, the effect of the tomato oleoresin extract on various immunological functions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study design was used. Over a period of 2 wk 15 nonsmokers and 12 smokers were given 3 tomato oleoresin extract capsules daily (each containing 4.88 mg lycopene, 0.48 mg phytoene, 0.44 mg phytofluene and 1.181 mg {alpha}-tocopherol). The control group received placebos.

The baseline level of endogenous DNA damage for nonsmokers was slightly (13%) and non-significantly (p=0.44) lower than that of smokers. Placebo supplementation of nonsmokers and smokers for 2 weeks did not significantly affect lycopene plasma levels or DNA damage in either group. Intervention with tomato oleoresin extract resulted in significant increases in total plasma lycopene and resulted in decreased levels of DNA strand breaks (tail intensity)) of about 32% (nonsmokers) and 39 % (smokers). However, this effect was not statistically significant in either group (p=0.09 for nonsmokers and p=0.12 for smokers). Analysis of the distribution pattern of DNA strand breaks showed a statistically significant (p<0.05) increase in the number of comets in class 0 (undamaged) and a decrease in classes 1 and 2 (damaged) after the tomato oleoresin extract intervention in nonsmokers. The changes in the smoker group were not statistically significant.

Treatment with the tomato extract had no effect on lymphocyte proliferation, NK cell activity, IL-2 production and TNFa production, but it significantly reduced IL-4 production in smokers (p=0.009).

Keywords: tomato; lycopene; single DNA strand breaks; lymphocytes.
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