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Carcinogenesis Advance Access published online on November 9, 2005
Carcinogenesis, doi:10.1093/carcin/bgi264
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received August 8, 2005
Revised October 31, 2005
Accepted November 2, 2005

MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CANCER PREVENTION

Sulforaphane inhibits histone deacetylase activity in BPH-1, LnCaP, and PC-3 prostate epithelial cells

Melinda C. Myzak 1, Karin Hardin 2, Rong Wang 3, Roderick H. Dashwood 4, and Emily Ho 5*

1 Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
2 Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
3 Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
4 Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
5 Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Emily Ho, E-mail: Emily.Ho{at}oregonstate.edu


  Abstract

Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate first isolated from broccoli, exhibits chemopreventive properties in prostate cancer cells through mechanisms that are poorly understood. We recently reported on a novel mechanism of chemoprotection by SFN in human colon cancer cells, namely the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC). Here, we show that addition of 15 µM SFN also inhibited HDAC activity by 40%, 30% and 40% in BPH-1, LnCaP, and PC-3 prostate epithelial cells, respectively. The inhibition of HDAC was accompanied by a 50-100% increase in acetylated histones in all three prostate cell lines, and in BPH-1 cells treated with SFN there was enhanced interaction of acetylated histone H4 with the promoter region of the P21 gene and the bax gene. A corresponding 1.5 to 2-fold increase was seen for p21Cip1/Waf1 and Bax protein expression, consistent with previous studies using HDAC inhibitors such as trichostatin A. The downstream events included cell cycle arrest and activation of apoptosis, as evidenced by changes in cell cycle kinetics and induction of multi-caspase activity. These findings provide new insight into the mechanisms of SFN action in benign prostate hyperplasia, androgen-dependent prostate cancer, and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, and they suggest a novel approach to chemoprotection and chemotherapy of prostate cancer through the inhibition of HDAC.

Keywords: prostate cancer; histone deacetylase inhibitor; sulforaphane; mechanisms of prevention; diet and cancer.
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