Plasma levels of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherol and the risk of gastric cancer in Japan: A nested case-control study

doi:10.1093/carcin/bgn072

Carcinogenesis Advance Access published online on March 13, 2008
Carcinogenesis, doi:10.1093/carcin/bgn072

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Plasma levels of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherol and the risk of gastric cancer in Japan: A nested case-control study

Christina Persson¹^,2, Shizuka Sasazuki¹, Manami Inoue¹, Norie Kurahashi¹, Motoki Iwasaki¹, Tsutomu Miura¹, Weimin Ye², Shoichiro Tsugane¹ and for the JPHC Study Group

¹ Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
² Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Correspondence to: Manami Inoue, M.D., PhD., Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan, Phone: +81 3 3542 2511 ex. 3389 Fax: +81 3 3547 8578, Email: mnminoue{at}gan2.res.ncc.go.jp

Fruits and vegetables have been suggested to confer protectionagainst diseases such as cancer through the effects of antioxidants,often represented by carotenoids. We investigated the impactof carotenoids, retinol and tocopherol on gastric cancer developmentin a large nested case-control study among Japanese with knownHelicobacter pylori infection status. A total of 36 745 subjectsaged 40 to 69 in the Japan Public Health Center-based ProspectiveStudy who responded to the baseline questionnaire and providedblood samples in 1990-1995 were followed until 2004. Plasmalevels of carotenoids in 511 gastric cancer cases and 511 matchedcontrols were measured by high performance liquid chromatography.Odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals(CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models.Plasma level of β-carotene was inversely associated withthe risk of gastric cancer (compared with the lowest quartile:OR=0.63, 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.75; OR=0.48, 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.75and OR=0.46, 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.75, for quartile 2, 3 and 4 respectively,P_trend < .01). Inverse associations were evident in men for ${alpha}$ -carotene (P_trend = .04) and β-carotene (P_trend < .01), but not in women, who had relatively higher plasma levels compared to men. We found no statistically significant association between plasma levels of lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, retinol, ${alpha}$ - or ${gamma}$ -tocopherol and gastric cancer risk.Our findings suggest that those who have very low plasma levels of ${alpha}$ -carotene and β-caroteneare at a higher risk of gastric cancer.

Key Words: gastric cancer • carotenoid • retinol • tocopherol • prospective study

Received December 3, 2007; revised February 26, 2008; accepted March 5, 2008.

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